Method for production of a sealed coating for surfaces of buildings comprising a cross-linked sealed silicone membrane, adhesive and ready-to-use kit for application of said method

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a method for production of a sealed surface coating, for buildings (floor/wall/ceiling), of the type where a series of layers, or elements are fixed on the surface, comprising, starting from the surface, optionally at least one primer adhesive layer, at least one watertight polymer membrane, (optionally at least one woven or non-woven fibrous material layer), at least one layer of adhesive and at least one external cover, characterised in that (a) the sealed membrane is chosen from those which may be obtained from a an aqueous dispersion of silicone oil(s), (b) the adhesive applied comprises at least one adhesion promoter (C′), (c) the aqueous dispersion of silicone oil(s) is applied as a film to the surface, (d) the cross-linking of the silicone layer occurs subsequently, preferably at an ambient temperature, (e) the application of at last one layer of adhesive with added adhesion promoter (C′) is then applied, preferably by surface coating on the cross-linked silicone film and finally the external cover is applied.

The field of the invention is that of silicone compositions that cancure by crosslinking and can be used especially as mastics or any othersealant, or for forming waterproof elastomeric linings, applicable bycoating or spraying (e.g. paints, semi-thick and flexible coatings).

More precisely, the invention relates to the production of animpermeable lining to be laid on the surface of floors, walls orceilings of buildings. These linings will be called hereafter “surfacelinings”. In particular, the linings referred to here are intended to belaid in wet areas or rooms. Conventionally, these linings include, asexternal covering, ceramic tiles, tiles made of mineral materialincluded in a resin matrix or in a cement matrix, or concrete tiles.

Apart from this external covering, for example tiling, the lininginvolved in the present invention is formed by a superposition of layerscomprising, starting from the surface to be lined:

-   -   optionally, at least one layer of adhesion primer;    -   at least one water-impermeable polymeric membrane;    -   optionally, at least one sheet of woven or nonwoven fibrous        material, for reinforcement;    -   at least one layer of adhesive; and    -   the external covering, for example tiling.

In this kind of surface lining, an impermeable membrane, consisting of aflexible and deformable polymer film, is interposed between the externalcovering, namely for example the tiling, and the surface (screed) to becoated so as to form a seal.

These impermeable polymeric membranes, below tiling, for example, havethe purpose of sealing the construction in wet rooms or areas (showers,bathrooms, kitchens, ponds, swimming pool surrounds, etc.).

It is important that this impermeable polymeric membrane be able toadhere to all the surfaces encountered in the building field (concrete,metals, wood, and others), that it be strong, that it fulfill itssealing function reliably and lastingly over time and that it allowadhesion, to its outer surface, of the adhesive for the externalcovering, for example the tiling.

Floor linings for wet rooms or areas are already known that consist of asuperposition of layers comprising, starting from the surface to belined:

-   -   an adhesion primer film covering the surface of the floor, wall        or ceiling;    -   a first membrane made of an acrylic (co)polymer or of a vinyl        monomer/diene copolymer such as, for example, a        styrene/butadiene copolymer, usually an acrylic (co)polymer;    -   a reinforcing sheet made of nonwoven fibrous material (for        example a polyester fiber mat);    -   a second membrane made of an acrylic (co)polymer or a vinyl        monomer/diene copolymer such as, for example, a        styrene/butadiene copolymer, usually an acrylic (co)polymer;    -   a layer of adhesive; and finally    -   the external covering, for example ceramic tiles.

These known multilayer structures, which include membranes obtained fromfor example an acrylic latex, have a number of drawbacks.

Firstly, these impermeable acrylic polymer membranes are notwater-resistant just after they have been applied. Thus, water presentin the work environment will disturb the crosslinking/curing of theacrylic polymer films. As a result, their mechanical properties andtheir water-barrier properties may be impaired thereby.

Impermeable membranes made from organic polymers suffer from anothermajor drawback, this being their lack of elasticity. Once laid, theytherefore have a tendency to crack in such a way that they no longerfulfill their primary function of sealing. To alleviate this, it isnecessary to insert, into the superposition of the constituent layers ofthe lining, at least one sheet of a fibrous reinforcing material. It isclear that this operation goes counter to the aim of simplifying themethod of producing the lining, for example for a tiled floor.

In addition, these organic polymer membranes, for example under tiles,have the drawback of not being “breathing”. This is because they formjust as much an air barrier as a water barrier, so that all theconditions propitious for the growth of fungi are created.

Another drawback of these constituent layers or superpositions of suchsurface linings that include impermeable organic polymer membranesresults from the very long waiting times, for curing/crosslinking totake place, that it is necessary to observe between each coating layerof organic polymer. These waiting times further increase the overalltime of the method for constructing the surface lining when the latterincludes at least two organic polymer sealing membranes.

All this also complicates the task of the operator who is producingthese surface linings.

Moreover, the known constructions of surface linings that includeorganic polymer sealing membranes require the use of adhesion primers onall the surfaces, in order to achieve correct adhesion to the latexmembranes and to the tiling on the surface to be lined. Such a routinecoating with primers slows down the method of manufacturing surfacelinings.

As regards this state of the art, one of the essential objectives of thepresent invention is to remedy the drawbacks of the surface linings (forexample those having an external covering made of tiles) of the priorart, in particular in terms of water resistance, simplicity ofimplementation and reduction of laying time.

Another essential objective of the invention is to provide a method ofproducing an impermeable surface lining for buildings(floors/walls/ceilings) in which the number of layers, and therefore thenumber of operations requiring labor, is limited.

Another essential objective of the present invention is to propose amethod of producing an impermeable surface lining for buildings(floors/walls/ceilings) in which the intermediate polymer sealingmembrane possesses mechanical properties, in particular elasticity,allowing it to withstand mechanical stresses over time and thus obviatethe use of a fibrous reinforcing mat in the superposition of layersconstituting the surface lining.

Another essential objective of the invention is to propose a method ofproducing an impermeable surface lining for buildings(floors/walls/ceilings) in which the polymeric sealing membrane isobtained in a simple and practical manner, from an aqueous polymerdispersion that can be easily applied, for example using a brush or aroller.

Another essential objective of the invention is to propose a method ofproducing an impermeable surface lining for buildings(floors/walls/ceilings) in which it is conceivable, for certainsurfaces, to dispense with the preliminary step of applying an adhesionprimer.

Another essential objective of the invention is to provide a method ofproducing an impermeable surface lining for buildings(floors/walls/ceilings) in which the adhesion between the lining and thesurface (concrete screed or wood surface for example), as well as theadhesion between the adhesive introduced between the external covering(for example in tiling) and the sealing membrane, is as good aspossible.

Another essential objective of the invention is to provide a method ofproducing an impermeable surface lining for buildings(floors/walls/ceilings) in which the sealing membrane(s) used is/are notsubject to the problem of water pick-up and is not sensitive to water,in particular a short time (about three hours) after it has been coatedin order to form a crosslinked/cured polymer film.

Another essential objective of the invention is to propose a method ofproducing an impermeable surface lining for buildings(floors/walls/ceilings) in which the durations of the labor operationsand the waiting times are reduced.

Another essential objective of the invention is to provide a method ofproducing an impermeable surface lining for buildings(floors/walls/ceilings) for obtaining good adhesion to wet surfaces andinvolving products that do not have environmentally harmful effects andthat do not by their nature sully the tools and the equipment used forapplying them, in a manner such that it is difficult and demanding toclean them.

Another essential objective of the invention is to provide an adhesivefor permeable surface linings for buildings (floors/walls/ceilings) thatcan be employed for implementing the method used (for example, a tilingadhesive).

Another essential objective of the invention is to provide aready-to-use kit for implementing the abovementioned method, andcomprising in particular:

-   -   an aqueous silicone dispersion allowing a crosslinked        impermeable film to be obtained rapidly and easily; and,        optionally    -   an adhesive for the external covering (for example tiling);    -   or even the external covering (for example tiling).

These objectives, among others, are achieved by the present invention,which relates firstly to a method of producing an impermeable surfacelining for buildings (floors/walls/ceilings), of the type of thoseconsisting in fixing, to the surface, a superposition of layers or ofelements comprising, starting from the surface to be coated:

-   -   optionally, at least one layer of adhesion primer;    -   at least one water-impermeable polymeric membrane;    -   (optionally, at least one sheet of woven or nonwoven fibrous        material);    -   at least one layer of adhesive;    -   at least one external covering;        characterized in that:    -   a. the impermeable membrane is selected from those that can be        obtained from an aqueous dispersion of silicone oil(s)        comprising:        -   -A- 100 parts by weight of at least one organopolysiloxane            oil (A) that can crosslink by condensation, if necessary in            the presence of a crosslinking agent (B), made of an            elastomer,        -   -A′- optionally, up to 30 parts by weight of at least one            unreactive organopolysiloxane oil,        -   -B- if necessary, from 0.1 to 100 parts by weight of at            least one crosslinking agent (B),        -   -C- optionally, up to 50 parts by weight of at least one            adhesion promoter (C),        -   -D- up to 200 parts by dry weight of at least one filler            (D),        -   -E- a catalytically effective amount of a catalytic curing            compound (E), possibly up to three parts by weight,        -   -F- at least one emulsifier (F),        -   -G- optionally, at least one functional additive (G) and        -   -H- water;    -   b. the adhesive employed includes at least one adhesion promoter        (C′);    -   c. the aqueous silicone oil(s) dispersion is applied as a film        to the surface;    -   d. the crosslinking of the silicone film then takes place,        preferably at room temperature;    -   e. at least one layer of adhesive, to which the adhesion        promoter C′ has been added, is then applied, preferably by        coating it onto the crosslinked silicone film; and then, finally    -   f. the external covering is laid.

According to this method, an aqueous silicone dispersion is used whichmakes it possible to obtain a sealing membrane that makes the surfacelinings water-resistant only three hours after it has been applied.

In addition, the impermeable silicone membrane produced in this methodaccording to the invention possesses mechanical properties that aremarkedly superior to the organic (e.g. acrylic) sealing membranesencountered in the known systems and requiring the use of reinforcinglayers, take time to lay.

The method according to the invention also has the major advantage ofsignificantly reducing the time to produce impermeable surface liningsand of reducing the number of operating phases.

Another advantage, associated with use, in the method according to theinvention, of silicone elastomer sealing membranes stems from the factthat these silicone elastomer membranes form a barrier impermeable towater but permeable to air, thereby making it possible to limit theproliferation of fungal growths.

It is particularly beneficial to have, in addition, particularly shortdrying times and therefore process times whenever the surface linings inquestion are for outdoors (patio or flat roof). In addition, the methodaccording to the invention makes it possible to achieve good adhesion towet surfaces.

Also employed in this method are silicone products that areenvironmentally friendly and allow easy removal, by washing with water,of soiling of the tools used for applying them.

Finally, on account of the elasticity provided by the silicone sealingmembrane, it is possible to carry out the method according to theinvention on surfaces that are liable to undergo small movements.

The fact of using at least one adhesion promoter C′ in the adhesive isan important provision of the invention, which makes this adhesivecompatible with the impermeable silicone membrane that is produced bythe coating and crosslinking/curing of the aqueous silicone dispersion.

According to a noteworthy feature of the invention, the amount ofadhesion promoter C′ in the adhesive is less than 20% relative to thetotal weight of the composition constituting the adhesive, preferablybetween 0.1 and 15% by weight and more preferably still between 0.5 and10% by weight.

This adhesive for an external covering of the tiling type for example isadvantageously prepared by mixing a powder part with a liquiddispersant, preferably water. The adhesion promoter C′ is preferablyincorporated into the liquid dispersant before mixing.

In practice, the adhesive used in the method according to the inventionis a cement-based adhesive with a specific binder. Its high mechanicalstrength and flexibility make it particularly suitable for bonding, forexample, ceramic, stone or concrete tiles.

According to a preferred way of implementing the method according to theinvention, the adhesive used has the following composition (in parts byweight in the composition):

hydraulic cement 100 mineral binder with organic or 100-300 inorganicadditive(s) preferably 170-200 adhesion promoter (C′) (by dry weight) 1-50 preferably 20-40 water  20-100 preferably 40-80

In this composition, the hydraulic cement is advantageously aconventional cement containing mainly the Ca₂SiO₄ and Ca₃SiO₅(metastable) calcium silicates. It may for example be Portland cement.

With regard to the mineral binder, this comprises at least one compoundselected from the group including: siliceous sands, cellulosederivatives, calcareous fillers, acrylic resins in dispersion form,specific adjuvants and mixtures thereof.

According to a preferred feature of the invention, the adhesion promoterC′ is identical to C.

From the practical standpoint, it should be pointed out that theadhesive can be prepared by mixing a powder based on hydraulic cementwith mineral binder (with organic or inorganic additive(s)), water andadhesion promoter (C′). As powder is very suitable, mention may be made,for example, of the mix sold by BAL under the name BAL-SINGLE PARTFLEXIBLE.

Again from the practical standpoint, it should be pointed out that thepreparation of the adhesive is very advantageously carried out by mixing70 to 90% by weight of powder, 5 to 20% by weight of water and 2 to 10%by weight of adhesion promoter (percent by weight in relation to thetotal mass of the composition comprising the powder, the water and thedry promoter).

From the qualitative standpoint, the adhesion promoter C and/or C′ is awater-soluble compound capable of being dissolved in water at atemperature of 25° C. in an amount of at least 5% by weight, and chosenfrom silanes and/or hydroxylated POSs carrying, per molecule, at leastone hydroxyl group and at least one hydrophilic substrate-anchoringfunctional group (F_(sa)), and from mixtures of these products, saidF_(sa) functional groups, which are identical or different from oneanother, preferably being selected from the group comprising thefollowing functional groups: amino, epoxy, acrylo, methacrylo, ureido,mercapto, thiol and chloroalkyl.

More precisely, the adhesion promoter C or C′ is advantageously:

-   -   a linear hydroxylated polydiorganosiloxane having D and/or MD        siloxyl units and/or a hydroxylated POS resin comprising T and        optionally M and/or D and/or Q siloxyl units or else Q and M        and/or D and/or T siloxyl units, preferably a resin selected        from those of the T(OH), DT(OH), DQ(OH), DT(OH), MQ(OH), MDT(OH)        and MDQ(OH) type or mixtures thereof; and/or    -   a functionalized silane having as formula:        (R⁵)_(c)Si(R)_(4-c)        in which formula:    -   c is 0, 1 or 2;    -   the radicals R⁵, which are identical or different, correspond to        the radicals R³ and R⁴ of the oil (A) of formula (I) as defined        below; and    -   the radical R corresponds to the OH group of the        polyorganosiloxane oil (A) of formula (I) as defined below.

The siloxyl units M, D, T and Q used in the above description of theadhesion promoter are defined as follows:

-   -   unit M=R⁰ ₃SiO_(1/2)    -   unit D=R⁰ ₂SiO_(2/2)    -   unit T=R⁰SiO_(3/2)    -   unit Q=SiO_(4/2).

The radicals R are identical or different and correspond to ahydrocarbon radical such as, for example, an alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl and n-hexyl), hydroxyl or alkenyl (e.g. vinyl orallyl) radical or else an F_(sa) functional group. The adhesion promoter(C) or (C′) are therefore POSS, silicone resins and/or silanes eachcarrying at least one hydroxyl group and at least one F_(sa) grouplinked to at least one Si atom.

Preferably, the F_(sa) groups are nonsalified aminoalkyl groupscontaining 1 to 6 carbon atoms of general formula:—R⁰⁰—N R⁰¹R⁰² or —R⁰⁰—NH—R⁰⁰—NR⁰¹R⁰²

-   -   R⁰⁰=divalent hydrocarbon residue, for example —(CH₂)_(n)—    -   R⁰¹, R⁰²: corresponding independently to H, C_(n)H_(2n+1)    -   Free valency: linked to the Si.

As an illustration of a very suitable adhesion promoter (C) in (C′),mention may be made of the POS resin obtained from hydrolyzedδ-aminopropyltriethoxylsilane and subjected to “stripping” of theethanol formed by the hydrolysis. The polyhomocondensed resin obtainedis a mixture of oligomers containing from 4 to 10 silicons andcomprising units:

-   -   T(OH)=R⁰Si(OH)O_(2/2)    -   T=R⁰SiO_(3/2)    -   T(OH)₂=R⁰Si(OH)₂O_(1/2)    -   T(OH)₃=R⁰Si(OH)₃.        these units being respectively present in a decreasing amount        and R⁰=NH₂(CH₂)₃ ⁻. This is, for example, an aminated T(OH)        resin.

In practice, the adhesion promoters, C or C′, are silicone compounds formodulating the physico-chemical properties of the silicone elastomercompositions obtained after crosslinking the dispersions employed in themethod according to the invention.

With regard to the silicone phase of the dispersion according to step a)of the method of the invention, and in particular the essentialconstituent or constituents of this silicone phase, namely the oil (A),this is advantageously selected from α,ω-hydroxylated oils or functionaloils comprising, per molecule, at least two condensable functionalgroups, possibly after hydrolysis.

More precisely still, these oils (A) may be represented by the followinggeneric formula (I):

in which formula:

-   -   a is 0 or 1;    -   b is 0 or 1;    -   with a+b=0, 1 or 2;    -   n has a value high enough to give the polymer of formula (a) the        desired viscosity;    -   the R radicals are identical or different and represent:        -   an OH group with a+b=2,        -   an alkoxy or alkenyloxy group containing from 1 to 10 carbon            atoms,        -   an aryloxy group containing from 6 to 13 carbon atoms,        -   an acyloxy group containing from 1 to 13 carbon atoms,        -   a ketiminoxy group containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms or        -   an amino-functional or amido-functional group containing            from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, linked to the silicon via an Si—N            bond;    -   the R¹ and R² radicals are identical or different and represent        alkyl or alkenyl aliphatic organic groups having from 1 to 10        carbon atoms, phenyl aromatic groups, said groups being        optionally substituted with halogen atoms or cyano groups;    -   the R³ and R⁴ radicals are identical or different and represent        alkyl, aminoalkyl, polyaminoalkyl, epoxyalkyl or alkenyl        aliphatic organic groups containing from 1 to 13 carbon atoms,        or aryl aromatic groups containing from 6 to 13 carbon atoms;    -   at least two condensable functional groups, optionally after        hydrolysis, being present per molecule of at least 80% of the R¹        to R⁴ radicals representing a methyl group.

As examples of R radicals, mention may be made of:

-   -   alkoxy groups, such as, for example methoxy, ethoxy or octyloxy;    -   alkenyloxy groups, such as for example vinyloxy, hexenyloxy and        isopropenyloxy;    -   an aryloxy group such as, for example, phenyloxy;    -   an acyloxy group such as for example, acetoxy;    -   a ketiminoxy group such as, for example, ON═C(CH₃)C₂H₅;    -   aminofunctional groups such as, for example, ethylamino and        phenylamino; and    -   an amidofunctional group such as, for example, methylacetamido.

Among the abovementioned aliphatic or aromatic organic radicals, mentionmay be made as regards:

-   -   R¹, R²: for example, methyl, ethyl, octyl, trifluoropropyl,        vinyl and phenyl groups;    -   R³, R⁴: for example, methyl, ethyl, octyl, vinyl, allyl and        phenyl groups;

-   —(CH₂)₃—NH₂; —(CH₂)₃—NH—(CH₂)₂—NH₂.

As specific examples of D units, namely R¹R²SiO_(2/2), that are presentin the oil (A), mention may be made of:

-   (CH₃)₂SiO_(2/2); CH₃(CH₂═CH)SiO_(2/2); CH₃(C₆H₅)SiO_(2/2);    (C₆H₅)₂SiO_(2/2).

As specific examples of M units, namely RR₃R₄SiO_(1/2), mention may bemade of:

-   (CH₃)₂(OH)SiO_(1/2); (OCH₃)₃SiO_(1/2); [O—C(CH₃)═CH₂]₃SiO_(1/2)    [ON═C(CH₃)]₃SiO_(1,2); (NH—CH₃)₃SiO_(1/2); (NH—CO—CH₃)₃SiO_(1/2).

It is important to note that a silicone oil A of specific nature andviscosity was selected.

This is because the dynamic viscosity of the oil (A) (and therefore ingeneral of the silicone phase) is greater than or equal to 10 Pa·s,preferably greater than or equal to 50 Pa·s and more preferably greaterthan or equal to 70 Pa·s. This viscosity is an important parameter ofthe invention. All the viscosities involved in the present descriptioncorrespond to a 25° C. dynamic viscosity value (called Newtonian dynamicviscosity), that is to say the dynamic viscosity that is measured in aknown manner at a shear rate low enough for the measured viscosity to beindependent of the shear rate (Brookfield viscometer; AFNOR NFT 76106standard of May 1982).

The optional unreactive oils (A′) may meet the same definition as thatgiven above for the reactive oils (A), except that they do not includereactive functional groups. The oils (A′) therefore cannot chemicallycrosslink. In this regard, they are inert and may, for example, act as adiluent and/or a means of regulating the rheology.

As examples of oils (A′), mention may be made of polydimethylsiloxaneoils having a viscosity at 25° C. ranging from 50 to 10 000 mPa·s.

A crosslinking agent (B) is preferably used when the oil (A) is anα,ω-(dihydroxy)polydiorganosiloxane polymer. Many crosslinking agentsmay be used in amounts that depend on their nature; these are well knownto persons skilled in the art. Given below, as examples, is a list ofcrosslinking agents with the recommended corresponding amounts expressedin parts by weight per 100 parts of oil (A):

-   -   0.5 to 10 parts of sodium silicate;    -   0.1 to 15 parts of an alkali metal organosiliconate (European        patent EP-A-266 729);    -   1 to 100 parts of a silsesquioxane resin microemulsion (U.S.        Pat. Nos. 3,355,406 and 3,433,780);    -   5 to 100 parts of a reactive silicone resin of low molecular        mass, having alkoxy and acyloxy groups (U.S. Pat. No.        4,554,187);    -   5 to 100 parts of a silicone resin of high mass, insoluble in        toluene (EP-A-304 719);    -   5 to 100 parts of a hydroxylated silicone resin consisting of        units of formulae R′₃SiO_(1,2)(M) and/or R′₂SiO_(2/2)(D), these        being joined to units of formulae R′SiO_(3/2)(T) and/or SiO₂(Q),        R′ being mainly a C₁-C₆ alkyl radical, a vinyl radical and        3,3,3-trifluoropropyl radical, and a weight content of hydroxyl        groups of between 0.1 and 10%. Among these resins, mention may        most particularly be made of MQ, MDQ, MDT and TD resins (FR-A-2        638 166);    -   1 to 20 parts of a silane or formula: (R′′)_(u)SiX(_(4-u)) in        which formula R′′ is a monovalent organic radical, in particular        a methyl or vinyl, u is equal to 1 or 0, and X is a condensable        and/or hydrolysable organic group of the same definition as the        radical R of the above formula (I) (alkoxysilanes,        alkenyloxysilanes, acyloxysilanes, ketiminoxysilanes,        alkylaminosilanes and alkylamidosilanes described in particular        in U.S. Pat. No. 3,294,725; U.S. Pat. No. 4,584,341; U.S. Pat.        No. 4,618,642; U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,412; U.S. Pat. No. 4,525,565;        EP-A-387 157; EP-A-340 120; EP-A-364 375; FR-A-1 248 826; FR-1        023 477).

As examples of crosslinking agent (B), mention may be made of:

-   -   the following alkoxysilanes:

-   Si(OC₂H₅)₄; CH₃Si(OCH₃)₃; CH₃Si(OC₂H₅)₃; (C₂H₅O)₃Si(OCH₃);    CH₂═CHSi(OCH₃)₃; CH₃(CH₂═CH)Si(OCH₃)₂; CH₂═CH(OC₂H₅)₃; CH₂═CHSi    [ON═C(CH₃)C₂H₅]; CH₃Si[ON═C(CH₃)₂]₃ CH₃Si[—C(CH₃)═CH₂]₃;    methyltri(N-methylacetamidosilane);    methyltris(cyclohexylaminosilane);    -   or the following products:

-   a sodium silicate, an alkali metal organosiliconate, a    silsesquioxane resin microemulsion, a reactive silicone resin of low    molecular mass having alkoxy and acyloxy groups, a silicone resin of    high mass insoluble in toluene, at least one hydroxylated silicone    resin having, per molecule, at least two different siloxyl units    chosen from those of the M, D, T and Q type, at least one being a T    or a Q, an alkoxysilane, an alkylaminosilane, an alkylamidosilane,    siliconates, silicates and silicas (in powder or colloidal form).

According to one noteworthy provision of the invention, the adhesionpromoter (C) or (C′) acts as crosslinking agent by itself or togetherwith the crosslinking agent (B).

The dispersion includes at least one filler (D) chosen from:

-   -   1) reinforcing siliceous mineral fillers, preferably those        chosen from the group comprising: colloidal silica, precipitated        silica, pyrogenic silica or mixtures thereof; pyrogenic silica        being preferred; these siliceous powders having a BET specific        surface area of greater than 50 m²/g, preferably between 150 and        350 m²/g;    -   2) conventional semireinforcing or bulking mineral fillers, for        example those chosen from the group comprising diatomaceous        earths, calcium carbonate, ground quartz, carbon black, titanium        dioxide, aluminum oxide, hydrated alumina, expanded or        unexpanded vermiculite, zinc oxide, mica, talc, iron oxide,        barium sulfate, slaked lime, etc.; these semireinforcing or        bulking mineral fillers having a particle size generally between        1 and 300 μm and a BET surface area of less than 50 m²/g;    -   3) organic fillers, preferably consisting of organic copolymers        in emulsion, these being known as “latices” or “nanolatices”;        these latices or nanolatices being formed, for example, by        aqueous dispersions of polymer particles resulting from        conventional processes for the emulsion (co)polymerization of        one or more polymerisable organic monomers, advantageously        chosen from:        -   a): alkyl(meth)acrylates, the alkyl part of which preferably            comprises from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, particularly methyl            acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate,            isobutyl acrylate, amyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, isolamyl            acrylate, 2-ethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, methyl            methacrylate, chloroethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate,            3,3-dimethyl butyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate,            isobutyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, phenyl            methacrylate, butyl chloroacrylate, methyl chloroacrylate,            ethyl chloroacrylate, isopropyl chloroacrylate and            cyclohexyl chloroacrylate,        -   b): α,β-ethylenically unsaturated esters of monocarboxylic            acids, the acid part of which is not polymerisable and the            unsaturated part of which preferably contains from 2 to 14            carbon atoms and the acid part contains from 2 to 12 carbon            atoms, in particular vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl            butyrate, an alkyl acetate, vinyl versatate® (registered            trademark for esters of C₉-C₁₁, α-branched acids), vinyl            laurate, vinyl benzoate, vinyl trimethylacetate, vinyl            pivilate and vinyl trichloroacetate,        -   c): esters and half-esters of α,β-ethylenically unsaturated            polycarboxylic acids having from 4 to 24 carbon atoms,            particularly dimethyl, diethyl maleate, methyl ethyl            fumarate and 2-ethyl hexyl fumarate,        -   d): vinyl halogens, particularly vinyl chloride, vinyl            fluoride, vinylidene chloride and vinylidene fluoride,        -   e): vinylaromatics preferably having at most 24 carbon atoms            and chosen in particular from styrene, α-methylstyrene,            4-methylstyrene, 2-methylstyrene, 3-methylstyrene,            4-methoxystyrene, 2-hydroxymethylstyrene, 4-ethylstyrene,            4-ethoxystyrene, 3,4-dimethylstyrene, 2-chlorostyrene,            3-chlorostyrene, 4-chloro-3-methylstyrene,            4-tert-butylstyrene, 4-dichlorostyrene, 2,6-dichlorostyrene,            2,5-difluorostyrene and 1-vinylnaphthalene,        -   f): conjugated aliphatic dienes preferably having from 3 to            12 carbon atoms, in particular 1,3-butadiene, isoprene and            2-chloro-1,3-butadiene,        -   g): α,β-ethylenically unsaturated nitriles preferably having            from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, such as acrylonitrile and            methacrylonitrile:    -   at least one of these main monomers a) to g) possibly being        copolymerized with up to 40% by weight of at least one other        monomer having an ionic character, in particular:        -   an abovementioned α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic            acid monomer including monocarboxylic and polycarboxylic            acids (acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic            acid, fumaric acid, etc.),        -   an ethylenic monomer containing secondary, tertiary or            quaternized amine groups (vinyl pyridenes, diethylaminoethyl            methacrylate, etc.),        -   a sulfonated ethylenic monomer (vinyl sulfonate, styrene            sulfonate, etc.),        -   a zwitterionic ethylenic monomer            (sulfopropyl(dimethylaminopropyl) acrylate) or one having in            particular a nonionic character,        -   amides of unsaturated carboxylic acids (acrylamide,            methacrylamide, etc.),        -   esters of polyhydroxypropylated or polyhydroxyethylated            alcohols and (meth)acrylates and        -   vinylsilanes and/or acrylic silanes (such as,            vinyltrimethoxysilane and vinyltriethoxysilane);    -   4) in the case of the use of a siliceous mineral filler, said        filler may advantageously be used in the form of:        -   a) a silica suspension treated using an organosilazane in a            silicone matrix comprising a linear reactive            polyorganosiloxane carrying, for example, a hydroxy group at            each chain end, this suspension being obtained by a method            consisting essentially in introducing the organosilazane            into the preparation medium, on the one hand, before and/or            substantially simultaneously with the contacting of at least            one part of the silicone matrix used with the particulate            filler used, this introduction of the organosilazane being            carried out with an organosilazane fraction corresponding to            a proportion lying within the range from 8 to 30% by dry            weight relative to the silica filler, and, on the other            hand, after this contacting of the filler with all or part            of the silicone material, this suspension and its method of            preparation both being described in international patent            application WO-A-00/37549,        -   b) an aqueous dispersion obtained:        -   by mixing a mixture consisting of:        -   100 parts by weight of a silicone phase φs having a dynamic            viscosity at 25° C. of at least 10 Pa·s, preferably 50 Pa·s            and even more preferably 70 Pa·s, φs comprising the already            polymerized oil (A) or mixture of oils (A) and optionally at            least one of the constituents (B), (C) or (E);        -   0.5-20 parts by weight of at least one emulsifier (F), the            HLB of said emulsifier or of the mixture of emulsifiers            being at least 10;        -   0-100 parts by weight of filler (D);        -   2-20 parts by weight of water, the water/water+surfactant(s)            weight ratio being such that the viscosity of the            water/surfactant(s) mixture is close to or greater than half            that of the silicone phase (φs), for a time and under shear            conditions sufficient to obtain an “oil in water” emulsion            with a particle size of around 0.1 to 5 microns;        -   by optional dilution with water until a solids content of 25            to 97% is obtained; and then        -   by addition of:            -   the constituent(s) not present in the silicone phase φs                and/or            -   0-100 parts by weight of filler (D),        -   the filler (D) being at least partly in the form of an            aqueous colloidal silica suspension introduced in its            entirety into the mixing chamber before the emulsion is            obtained;    -   5) in the case of the example of a non siliceous mineral filler,        said filler may advantageously be used in the form of a        dispersion obtained:        -   by producing an emulsion by mixing a mixture consisting of:        -   100 parts by weight of a silicone phase (φs) having a            dynamic viscosity at 25° C. of at least 10 Pa·s, preferably            50 Pa·s and even more preferably 70 Pa·s, φs comprising the            already polymerized oil (A) or mixture of oils (A) and            optionally at least one of the constituents (B), (C) or (E);        -   0.5-20 parts by weight of at least one emulsifier (F), the            HLB of said emulsifier or of the mixture of emulsifiers            being at least 10;        -   0-100 parts by weight of filler (D);        -   2-20 parts by weight of water, the water/water+surfactant(s)            weight ratio being such that the viscosity of the            water/surfactant(s) mixture is close to or greater than half            that of the silicone phase (φs), for a time and under shear            conditions sufficient to obtain an “oil in water” emulsion            with a particle size of around 0.1 to 5 microns;    -   by optional dilution with water until a solids content of 25 to        97% is obtained; and then    -   by addition of:        -   the constituent(s) not present in the silicone phase (φs)            and/or        -   0-100 parts by weight of filler (D), said filler (D) being            provided, in the process for obtaining the dispersion, in            the form of an aqueous suspension or suspensions of at least            one hydrophilic compound, with the condition that, if the            filler (D) provided in the process for obtaining the            dispersion consists at least partly of at least one aqueous            suspension of one or more organic (co)polymers, then at            least part of this aqueous suspension (or these aqueous            suspensions) of filler (D) is (are) introduced into the            mixing chamber before the emulsion is obtained; and    -   6) the mixtures of fillers (D) of type 1) or type 2) defined        above, of fillers (D) of type 1) and type 3) defined above or        else of fillers (D) of type 2) and type 3) defined above.

Preferably, the fillers (D) are chosen from the group comprising:

-   -   precipitated silica, pyrogenic silica, carbonates and mixtures        thereof;    -   colloidal silica; and    -   aqueous silica suspensions (or slurries).

According to one variant, these dispersions used for the purpose of theinvention may include, in addition to the hydrophilic filler (D)provided in aqueous suspension form, a filler (D′) which is implied inthe process for obtaining the dispersion, in pulverulent form. Thisfiller (D′) introduced in powder form into the mixture resulting in thedispersion is distinguished from the dry hydrophilic filler (D) by itsspecific surface area Ss (in m2/g), which is small, namely: Ss≦5,preferably Ss≦3.

As examples of pulverulent fillers (D′), mention may be made of: CaCO₃,SiO₂, TiO₂, Al₂O₃/H₂O.

Advantageously, the filler (D′) may represent 5 to 100 parts by dryweight per 100 parts by weight of silicone phase φs.

The operation of putting the silicone phase into an “oil in water”emulsion is carried out:

-   -   by introducing the silicone oil (A) into a mixture consisting of        water and/or aqueous suspension(s) of filler (D)+emulsifier(s)        (F); or    -   by introducing water and/or aqueous suspension(s) of filler (D)        into a silicone phase (φs)/emulsifier(s) (F) mixture and mixing        at a temperature of around 10 to 50° C.

The viscosity of the aqueous silicone dispersion used for the purpose ofthe method according to the invention is between 0.1 and 1000 Pa·s,preferably between 10 and 100 Pa·s.

These fillers (D) are introduced into the emulsion in the form of a drypowder or in the form of an aqueous dispersion, for example by simplemixing.

The catalytic curing compounds (E) are well known to a person skilled inthe art; these are carboxylic acid salts and halides of metals such as,for example, lead, zinc, zirconium, titanium, iron, barium, calcium,manganese and, most particularly, tin. Mention may be made of:

-   -   products of the reaction between tin dicarboxylate and ethyl        polysilicate (U.S. Pat. No. 3,862,919);    -   products of the reaction between dibutyltin diacetate and an        alkyl silicate or an alkyltrialkoxysilane (BE-A-842 305);    -   tin bischelates (EP-A-147 323; 235 049); and    -   diorganotin dicarboxylates (GB-A-1 289 900).

They may be used in amounts possibly ranging up to about 3 parts byweight, preferably around 0.05 to 1 part by weight per 100 parts of oil(A).

With regard to the emulsifiers (F), these may be ionic or nonionicsurfactants or water-soluble polymers.

Preferably, these are nonionic surfactants. As examples, mention may bemade of alkoxylated fatty acids, polyalkoxylated alkylphenols,polyalkoxylated fatty alcohols, polyalkoxylated or polyglycerolatedfatty amides, polyglycerolated alcohols and α-diols, ethyleneoxide/propylene oxide block copolymers and alkylglucosides,alkylpolyglucosides, sugar ethers, sugar esters, sucroglycerides,sorbitan esters and ethoxylated compounds of these sugar derivatives.

As one variant, the emulsifiers (F) are selected from anionicsurfactants such as, for example, alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkylsulfates, alkyl ether-sulfates, alkylaryl ether sulfates anddioctylsulfosuccinates of alkali metals.

The emulsifier(s) (or mixture of emulsifiers) is (are) chosen accordingto the nature of the silicone oil (A) to be emulsified; in general, anHLB of around 11 to 15 is chosen in order to emulsify a silicone oil (A)consisting of an α,ω-bis(hydroxy)polydimethyl-siloxane polymer. Thewater/water+emulsifier(s) (F) weight ratio depends on the viscosity ofthe silicone phase (φs) and on the nature of the surfactant(s) (ormixture of surfactants); this ratio is, for example, around 20/100 to70/100, preferably around 25/100 to 60/100, in order to stabilize anemulsion of a silicone phase consisting of an α,ω-dihydroxylated oilhaving a viscosity of around 30 to 500 Pa·s, using a nonylphenol having9 or 10 ethoxy units as single emulsifier (F).

With regard to the other functional additives (G) that can be used,these are especially plasticizers and/or salts and/or thickeners and/orfiller-dispersing agents, the latter preferably being selected from thegroup of products having one or more anionic hydrophilic functionalgroups and even more preferably from the group comprising polyacrylatesand/or (poly)phosphates. These additives (G) may also, or moreprecisely, be:

-   -   plasticizers such as, for example, polydimethylsiloxane oils        having a viscosity of around 300 to 10 000 mPa·s, dioctyl        phthalates, dialkylbenzenes, optionally in aqueous emulsion, in        amounts of 0 to 70 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of        oil (A);    -   thickeners such as water-soluble polymers of molecular mass        greater than 10 000 g/mol such as, for example, alkali metal        polyacrylates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyethylene glycols,        polyvinylpyrrolidones, carragenans, alginates, methyl        celluloses, hydroxyalkyl celluloses and xanthan gum in amounts        possibly up to 10% by weight of the final aqueous dispersion;    -   filler-dispersing agents such as, for example, alkali metal        polyacrylates of molecular mass less than 5000 and mineral        phosphates in amounts possibly up to 10% by weight of the final        aqueous dispersion; and    -   optionally, mineral or organic pigments in an amount of less        than 4%, preferably less than 2%, by weight relative to the        total mass of the dispersion. These additives (G) may be        introduced either into the silicone phase before it is        emulsified or into the emulsion before dilution.

The aqueous silicone dispersion (A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H) used in the methodaccording to the invention may, for example, be that described in FR-A-2753 708 (=WO-A-98/13410).

Having explained in detail the characteristics of the adhesive and ofthe aqueous silicone dispersion that are used in the method according tothe invention, it should be pointed out that the external covering isadvantageously chosen from tiles, preferably from tiles based on clay,terracotta, white quartz and inorganic resin adjuvants (powder binderconsisting of marble, cement, sand, sandstone, faience and/or pigments).

According to a noteworthy feature of the invention, and taking intoaccount the beneficial performance characteristics of the surface liningproduced according to the invention, it is possible to envision thesuperposition of layers constituting the lining not to include primerswhenever the surface to be lined is made of wood.

If the primer turns out to be necessary, it is preferably chosen fromthe group: polysiloxane resins, aminated organosilanes,epoxy-functionalized organosilanes, isocyanurate-functionalizedorganosilanes and acrylate-functionalized organosilanes, or mixtures oforganosilanes with polyacrylates, or mixtures thereof, the products ofthe group defined above being dissolved in solvents of the toluene,butanol or glycol ether type. A suitable primer consists, for example,of a solution of a polymethylsiloxane resin in toluene sold by Witcounder the name SILQUEST AP 134.

According to another of its aspects, the present invention relates to anadhesive for an impermeable surface lining for buildings(floors/walls/ceilings) that can be used for the implementation asdescribed above, this adhesive being characterized in that it comprisesat least one adhesion promoter C′, also defined above.

For further details about the other characteristics of the adhesiveaccording to the invention, the reader may refer to the description ofthe adhesive given above with reference to the method according to theinvention.

In practice, the adhesive according to the invention is intended forexternal coverings, for example of the tiling type, these being fixed toone or more polymer sealing membranes.

The mixing of these ingredients is carried out using any appropriatehomogenizing means, for example single-screw or multiple-screwextruders, planetary mixers, hook mixers, slow dispersers, staticmixers, blade mixers, propeller mixers, arm mixers or anchor mixers.

Advantageously, the cement, water and adhesion promoter C are mixed justbefore application.

In practice, the general methodology is as follows:

-   -   the surface of the substrate to be lined is made smooth and dust        removed therefrom;    -   the surface is optionally coated with a primer solution;    -   this is left to dry for several tens of minutes;    -   the aqueous silicone dispersion is deposited using a brush, in        order to form a film, the amount deposited being from 200 to        2000 g/m², preferably 600 to 1000 g/m²;    -   the film is left to crosslink/cure for several hours at room        temperature;    -   the tile adhesive is prepared, by adding an adhesion promoter        C′;    -   the layer of adhesive to which the adhesion promoter C′ has been        added is spread over the silicone elastomer sealing membrane;        and    -   the external covering, that is to say for example the tiles, are        laid on the adhesive layer.

Yet another subject of the present invention is a ready-to-use kit forimplementing the method as defined above. In particular, this kitcomprises:

-   -   optionally, at least one adhesion primer composition;    -   at least one aqueous dispersion of one or more silicone oils,        comprising:        -   -A- 100 parts by weight of at least one organopolysiloxane            oil (A) that can crosslink by condensation, if necessary in            the presence of a crosslinking agent (B), made of an            elastomer,        -   -A′- optionally, up to 30 parts by weight of at least one            unreactive organopolysiloxane oil,        -   -B- if necessary, from 0.1 to 100 parts by weight of at            least one crosslinking agent (B),        -   - C- optionally, up to 50 parts by weight of at least one            adhesion promoter (C),        -   -D- up to 200 parts by dry weight of a filler (D),        -   -E- a catalytically effective amount of a catalytic curing            compound (E), possibly up to three parts by weight,        -   -F- at least one emulsifier (F),        -   -G- optionally, at least one functional additive (G) and        -   -H- water;            said dispersion making it possible to obtain, after coating            onto a substrate and crosslinking, an impermeable membrane;    -   at least one adhesive as defined above; and    -   optionally, at least one external covering.

The external covering, that is to say for example the tiles, may or maynot form part of the kit according to the invention.

This kit, which comprises at least the products for making the surfacelining adhere and for making it permeable to water, is in the form of apackage containing, within one and the same commercial entity, theseelements for producing the impermeable surface lining.

According to one variant, the products for implementing the methodaccording to the invention could be packaged and sold separately.

The invention also relates to the use:

-   -   of an aqueous silicone oil dispersion comprising:        -   -A- 100 parts by weight of at least one organopolysiloxane            oil (A) that can crosslink by condensation, if necessary in            the presence of a crosslinking agent (B), made of an            elastomer,        -   -A′- optionally, up to 30 parts by weight of at least one            unreactive organopolysiloxane oil,        -   -B- if necessary, from 0.1 to 100 parts by weight of at            least one crosslinking agent (B),        -   -C- optionally, up to 50 parts by weight of at least one            adhesion promoter (C),        -   -D- up to 200 parts by dry weight of a filler (D),        -   -E- a catalytically effective amount of a catalytic curing            compound (E), possibly up to three parts by weight,        -   -F- at least one emulsifier (F),        -   -G- optionally, at least one functional additive (G) and        -   -H- water; and    -   of an adhesive for the external covering (for example tiles)        comprising at least one adhesion promoter C′ as defined above;        for the production of an impermeable surface lining for        buildings (floors/walls/ceilings), said lining consisting of a        superposition comprising starting from the surface to be lined:    -   optionally, at least one layer of adhesion primer;    -   at least one water-impermeable polymeric membrane;    -   (optionally, at least one sheet of woven or nonwoven fibrous        material);    -   at least one layer of adhesive;    -   at least one external covering.

The tile adhesive and the aqueous silicone dispersion for obtaining theimpermeable silicone elastomer membrane are as defined in the abovedescription.

Thanks to the proposed operating methods and products according to theinvention, an impermeable surface lining can be produced rapidly, easilyand with a guarantee of good adhesion and retention of sealing overtime, without incurring ecotoxity and allowing the tools used for theapplication to be simply washed with water.

In addition, application is conceivable even in the presence of waterappearing only three hours after coating of the impermeable siliconeelastomer film as it undergoes curing/crosslinking.

A clearer understanding of the invention and its advantages will begained from the following examples, which describe the preparation ofthe aqueous silicone dispersion used in the method in order to obtainthe impermeable silicone elastomer membrane.

These examples also present one specific case of how to produce animpermeable surface lining using the abovementioned aqueous siliconedispersion, an adhesive to which an adhesion promoter has been added,and an external covering of the tiling type.

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of a crosslinkable aqueous silicone dispersion (ABCDEFGH)and formation of an impermeable silicone elastomer membrane using thisdispersion.

The following were introduced into a 2-1 anchor mixer: (A) 347.7 g ofhydroxylated α,ω-polydimethylsiloxane oil of 135000 mPa·s viscosity;(A′) 26.2 g of polydimethylsiloxane oil blocked by methyl groups, of 100mPa·s viscosity; (B) 3.7 g of hydroxylated MDT resin (containing 0.5% byweight of hydroxyl groups, 62% by weight of trifunctional units, 24% byweight of difunctional units and 14% by weight of monofunctional units)of 1000 mPa·s viscosity; (F) 26.4 g of RHODASURF ROX (an 85% aqueoussolution of a polyethoxylated C₁₃ aliphatic alcohol containing about 8ethylene oxide units); and (H) 7.9 g of demineralized water.

The ingredients were mixed at 100 rpm until a fine O/W emulsion (meandiameter≦0.6 μm) was obtained.

The emulsion was diluted with (H) 8.2 g of demineralized water and thenthe following were added, with stirring at 100 rpm: (D) 7.9 g ofprecolor pigment V5639 sold by Wünsiedel predispersed in 9 g of sodiumpolyacrylate (a dispersant sold by Coatex under the name COATEX P50 orby Protex under the name PROX A11); and (C) 24.3 g of a 77 wt % aqueoussolution of a T(OH) resin aminated by aminopropyl groups, sold by Witcounder the name VS 142.

Dispersed into the mixture thus obtained were (D) 186.9 g of pyrogeniccarbonate sold by Omya under the name BLR3 and 186.9 g of precipitatedcarbonate sold by Solvay under the name SOCAL 312, with stirring at 100rpm.

Finally, the following were introduced into the mixture: (G) 0.4 g of afungicide; then (H) 9 g of demineralized water; and (E) 1.2 g of a 60 wt% dioctyltin dilaurate solution, mixing taking place under vacuum (4600Pa) and with moderate stirring of 100 rpm.

The solids content of such a formulation was 79%.

A film was prepared using a 2.5 mm doctor blade filled with the desiredproduct. This method made it possible to obtain a film with a thicknessof 2 (±0.3) mm.

The product was left to crosslink for 7 days at 23° C. and 50% relativehumidity.

The mechanical properties obtained on this 2 mm film under suchconditions were the following:

TABLE I BAL-WP1 acrylic Silicone elastomer membrane of the membrane usedin prior art the invention Tensile strength 0.25 0.65 (MPa) (NF T 46-002standard) Elongation at break 90 560 (%) (NF T 46-002 standard) 100%Modulus (MPa) 0.20 0.32 (NF T 46-002 standard) Shore A hardness 38 20(NF T 51-109 standard)

The silicone elastomer membrane according to the invention hasmechanical properties that are markedly superior to the acrylic sealingmembrane sold by BAL under the name BAL-WP1 according to the prior art.

EXAMPLE 2

The following were introduced into a 2-1 anchor mixer: (A) 348.8 g ofhydroxylated α,ω-polydimethylsiloxane oil of 135000 mPa·s viscosity;(A′) 26.3 g of polydimethylsiloxane oil blocked by methyl groups, of 100mPa·s viscosity; (B) 3.8 g of hydroxylated MDT resin (containing 0.5% ofhydroxylated groups, 60% of trifunctional units, 25% of difunctionalunits and 15% of monofunctional units) of 1000 mPa·s viscosity; (F) 26.4g of RHODASURF ROX (an 85% aqueous solution of a polyethoxylated C₁₃aliphatic alcohol containing about 8 ethylene oxide units); and (H) 7.9g of demineralized water.

The ingredients were mixed at 100 rpm until a fine O/W emulsion (meandiameter≦0.6 μm) was obtained.

The mixture was diluted with (H) 8.25 g of demineralized water and thenthe following were added, with stirring at 100 rpm: (D) 4.9 g ofprecolor pigment V5672 sold by Wünsiedel predispersed in 9 g of sodiumpolyacrylate (a dispersant sold by Coatex under the name COATEX P50 orby Protex under the name PROX A11); and (C) 24.4 g of a 77 wt % aqueoussolution of a T(OH) resin aminated by aminopropyl groups, sold by Witcounder the name VS 142.

(D) 187.5 g of pyrogenic carbonate, sold by Omya under the name BLR3 and187.5 g of precipitated carbonate sold by Solvay under the name SOCAL312, were dispersed with stirring at 100 rpm.

Finally, (G) 0.4 g of a fungicide was introduced followed by (H) 9 g ofdemineralized water and (E) 1.2 g of a 60% dioctyltin dilauratesolution, and these were mixed under vacuum (46 mbar) with moderatestirring of 100 rpm.

The solids content of such a formulation was 79%.

The mechanical properties obtained on a 2 mm film of this product underthe same conditions as example 1 were the following:

TABLE II Silicone elastomer membrane used in the invention Tensilestrength 0.63 (MPa) (NF T 46-002 standard) Elongation at break (%) 550(NF T 46-002 standard) 100% Modulus (MPa) 0.34 (NF T 46-002 standard)Shore A hardness 22 (NF T 51-109 standard)

EXAMPLE 3

About 0.1 g of an adhesion primer, consisting of a solution ofpolymethylsiloxane resin in toluene sold by Witco under the nameSILQUEST AP 134, was applied to a concrete slab having dimensions of75×50×20 mm using a brush. After leaving this to dry for 30 minutes, theaqueous silicone dispersion prepared in example 1 was deposited using abrush. The amount used, per layer, could vary from 600 to 1000 g/m²depending on the porosity and the roughness of the substrate and on thenature of the parts to be treated. In this case, the amount of coatingwas 800 g/m². This was left to dry for 24 h in a 23° C./50% relativehumidity environment, and then the tile adhesive, to which 8% of anadhesion promoter (C′) consisting of a 77 wt % aqueous solution of aT(OH) resin aminated by aminopropyl groups sold by Witco under the nameVS 142 had been added, was applied, a tile having the dimensions of50×50 mm being laid on said adhesive.

Preparation and Application of the Adhesive:

Into 100 g of base, as regards adhesive sold by BAL under the nameBAL-SINGLE PART FLEXIBLE, were added 10 g of a 77 wt % aqueous solutionof a T(OH) resin aminated by aminopropyl groups sold by Witco under thename VS 142 and 8 g of water.

An approximately 2 to 6 mm layer of adhesive was deposited using aspreader (notched or unnotched), this representing 5 to 6 kg/m².

The whole system was left to dry for 48 h in a room conditioned to 23°C. and 50% relative humidity, and then the force required to pull thetile off was measured.

To do this, a tensile testing machine having jaws capable of holdingtest pieces of such dimensions was used. An anodized aluminum plate wasstuck to the tile so as to be able to impose a tensile force on thesystem. The pull speed was 5.5 mm/min (according to the ISO 8339standard).

The measured force was 0.6 MPa, this being greater than the requiredforce of 0.5 MPa.

EXAMPLE 4

About 0.1 g of an adhesion primer, consisting of a solution ofpolymethylsiloxane resin in toluene sold by Witco under the nameSILQUEST AP 134, was applied to a concrete slab having dimensions of75×50×20 mm using a brush. After leaving this to dry for 30 minutes, theaqueous silicone dispersion prepared in example 1 was deposited using abrush. The amount used, per layer, could vary from 600 to 1000 g/m²depending on the porosity and the roughness of the substrate and on thenature of the parts to be treated. In this case, the amount of coatingwas 800 g/m². This was left to dry for 24 h in a 23° C./50% relativehumidity environment.

This system was placed in a column of water 220 mm in height and 10 mmin diameter for 5 days. The movement of the water level in the columnafter this conditioning operation was observed.

The water level in the column did not drop in 5 days, which means thatthe polymer membrane provides a good seal.

1. A method of producing an impermeable surface lining for buildings,the method comprising fixing, to a building surface, a superposition oflayers or of elements comprising, starting from the surface: optionally,at least one layer of adhesion primer; at least one water-impermeablepolymeric membrane; optionally, at least one sheet of woven or nonwovenfibrous material; at least one layer of adhesive; at least one externalcovering; wherein: a. the impermeable membrane is obtained from anaqueous dispersion of silicone oil(s) comprising: -A- 100 parts byweight of at least one organopolysiloxane oil (A) that can crosslink bycondensation, if necessary in the presence of a crosslinking agent (B),made of an elastomer, -A′- optionally, up to 30 parts by weight of atleast one unreactive organopolysiloxane oil, -B- if necessary, from 0.1to 100 parts by weight of at least one crosslinking agent (B), -C-optionally, up to 50 parts by weight of at least one adhesion promoter(C), -D- up to 200 parts by dry weight of at least one filler (D), -E- acatalytically effective amount of a catalytic curing compound (E),optionally up to three parts by weight, -F- at least one emulsifier (F),-G- optionally, at least one functional additive (G) and -H- water; b.the adhesive employed includes at least one adhesion promoter (C′); c.the aqueous silicone oil(s) dispersion is applied as a film to thesurface; d. the crosslinking of the silicone film then takes place,preferably at room temperature; e. at least one layer of adhesive, towhich the adhesion promoter C′ has been added, is then applied, bycoating it onto the crosslinked silicone film; and then, finally f. theexternal covering is laid, wherein the external covering is a tile. 2.The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of adhesionpromoter (C′) in the adhesive is less than 20% by weight.
 3. The methodas claimed in claim 1, wherein the adhesion promoter (C′) is identicalto (C) when (C) is present.
 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, whereinthe adhesion promoter (C) and/or (C′) is a water-soluble compoundcapable of being dissolved in water at a temperature of 25° C. in anamount of at least 5% by weight, and selected from silanes and/orhydroxylated POSs carrying, per molecule, at least one hydroxyl groupand at least one hydrophilic substrate-anchoring functional group(F_(sa)), and from mixtures of these products, said F_(sa) functionalgroups, which are identical or different from one another, comprisingthe following functional groups: amino, epoxy, acrylo, methacrylo,ureido, mercapto, thiol or chloroalkyl.
 5. The method as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the adhesion promoter (C) or (C′) is: a linearhydroxylated polydiorganosiloxane having D and/or MD siloxyl unitsand/or a hydroxylated POS resin comprising T and optionally M and/or Dand/or Q siloxyl units or else Q and M and/or D and/or T siloxyl units;and/or a silane having as formula:(R⁵)cSi(R)_(4-c)  in which formula: c is 0, 1 or 2; the radicals R⁵ areidentical or different and represent alkyl, aminoalkyl, polyaminoalkyl,epoxyalkyl or alkenyl aliphatic organic groups comprising from 1 to 13carbon atoms, or aryl aromatic groups comprising from 6 to 13 carbonatoms; and the radical R is an OH group.
 6. The method as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the oils (A) have as generic formula (I):

 in which formula: a is 0 or 1; b is 0 or 1; with a+b=0, 1 or 2; n has avalue high enough to give the polymer of formula (a) the desiredviscosity; the R radicals are identical or different and represent: anOH group with a+b=2, an alkoxy or alkenyloxy group comprising from 1 to10 carbon atoms; an aryloxy group comprising from 6 to 13 carbon atoms,an acyloxy group comprising from 1 to 13 carbon atoms, a ketiminoxygroup comprising from 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an amino-functional oramido-functional group comprising from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, linked tothe silicon via an Si—N bond; the R¹ and R² radicals are identical ordifferent and represent alkyl or alkenyl aliphatic organic groupscomprising from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl aromatic groups, saidgroups being optionally substituted with halogen atoms or cyano groups;the R³ and R⁴ radicals are identical or different and represent alkyl,aminoalkyl, polyaminoalkyl, epoxyalkyl or alkenyl aliphatic organicgroups comprising from 1 to 13 carbon atoms, or aryl aromatic groupscomprising from 6 to 13 carbon atoms; optionally, at least 80% of theradicals R¹ to R⁴ representing a methyl group and at least twocondensable functional groups, being present per molecule; and in that:the adhesion promoter (C) when present acts as a crosslinker, by itselfor in combination with the crosslinking agent (B) formed by: sodiumsilicate, an alkali metal organosiliconate, a silsesquioxane resinmicroemulsion, a reactive silicone resin of low molecular mass havingalkoxy and acyloxy groups, a silicone resin of high mass insoluble intoluene, at least one hydroxylated silicone resin having, per molecule,at least two different siloxyl units selected from those of the M, D, Tand Q type; at least one being a T or a Q; an alkoxysilane, analkylaminosilane, an alkylamidosilane; siliconates, silicates andsilicas (in powder or colloidal form); and in that: the catalytic curingcompound (E) is a tin derivative used in amounts optionally up to 0.05to 1 part by weight per 100 parts of oil (A).
 7. The method as claimedin claim 1, wherein the surface is made of wood and in that thesuperposition includes no primer.
 8. A method of producing animpermeable surface lining for buildings, the method comprising fixing,to a building surface, a superposition of layers or of elementscomprising, starting from the surface: optionally, at least one layer ofadhesion primer; at least one water-impermeable polymeric membrane;optionally, at least one sheet of woven or nonwoven fibrous material; atleast one layer of adhesive; at least one external covering; wherein: a.the impermeable membrane is obtained from an aqueous dispersion ofsilicone oil(s) comprising: -A- 100 parts by weight of at least oneorganopolysiloxane oil (A) that can crosslink by condensation, ifnecessary in the presence of a crosslinking agent (B), made of anelastomer, -A′- optionally, up to 30 parts by weight of at least oneunreactive organopolysiloxane oil, -B- if necessary, from 0.1 to 100parts by weight of at least one crosslinking agent (B), -C- optionally,up to 50 parts by weight of at least one adhesion promoter (C), -D- upto 200 parts by dry weight of at least one filler (D), -E- acatalytically effective amount of a catalytic curing compound (E),optionally up to three parts by weight, -F- at least one emulsifier (F),-G- optionally, at least one functional additive (G) and -H- water; b.the adhesive employed includes at least one adhesion promoter (C′); c.the aqueous silicone oil(s) dispersion is applied as a film to thesurface; d. the crosslinking of the silicone film then takes place,preferably at room temperature; e. at least one layer of adhesive, towhich the adhesion promoter C′ has been added, is then applied, bycoating it onto the crosslinked silicone film; and then, finally f. theexternal covering is laid, wherein the adhesive employed is prepared bymixing a powder part with a liquid dispersant, and in that the adhesionpromoter (C′) is incorporated into the liquid dispersant.
 9. A method ofproducing an impermeable surface lining for buildings, the methodcomprising fixing, to a building surface, a superposition of layers orof elements comprising, starting from the surface: optionally, at leastone layer of adhesion primer; at least one water-impermeable polymericmembrane; optionally, at least one sheet of woven or nonwoven fibrousmaterial; at least one layer of adhesive; at least one externalcovering; wherein: a. the impermeable membrane is obtained from anaqueous dispersion of silicone oil(s) comprising: -A- 100 parts byweight of at least one organopolysiloxane oil (A) that can crosslink bycondensation, if necessary in the presence of a crosslinking agent (B),made of an elastomer, -A′- optionally, up to 30 parts by weight of atleast one unreactive organopolysiloxane oil, -B- if necessary, from 0.1to 100 parts by weight of at least one crosslinking agent (B), -C-optionally, up to 50 parts by weight of at least one adhesion promoter(C), -D- up to 200 parts by dry weight of at least one filler (D), -E- acatalytically effective amount of a catalytic curing compound (E),optionally up to three parts by weight, -F- at least one emulsifier (F),-G- optionally, at least one functional additive (G) and -H- water; b.the adhesive employed includes at least one adhesion promoter (C′); c.the aqueous silicone oil(s) dispersion is applied as a film to thesurface; d. the crosslinking of the silicone film then takes place,preferably at room temperature; e. at least one layer of adhesive, towhich the adhesion promoter C′ has been added, is then applied, bycoating it onto the crosslinked silicone film; and then, finally f. theexternal covering is laid, wherein the adhesive used has the followingcomposition (in parts by weight): hydraulic cement 100 mineral binderwith organic or 100-300 inorganic additive(s) adhesion promoter (C′) 1-50 water   20-100.


10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the mineral bindercomprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of asiliceous sand, a cellulose derivative, a calcareous filler, an acrylicresin in dispersion, a specific adjuvant and mixtures thereof.
 11. Amethod of producing an impermeable surface lining for buildings, themethod comprising fixing, to a building surface, a superposition oflayers or of elements comprising, starting from the surface: optionally,at least one layer of adhesion primer; at least one water-impermeablepolymeric membrane; optionally, at least one sheet of woven or nonwovenfibrous material; at least one layer of adhesive; at least one externalcovering; wherein: a. the impermeable membrane is obtained from anaqueous dispersion of silicone oil(s) comprising: -A- 100 parts byweight of at least one organopolysiloxane oil (A) that can crosslink bycondensation, if necessary in the presence of a crosslinking agent (B),made of an elastomer, -A′- optionally, up to 30 parts by weight of atleast one unreactive organopolysiloxane oil, -B- if necessary, from 0.1to 100 parts by weight of at least one crosslinking agent (B), -C-optionally, up to 50 parts by weight of at least one adhesion promoter(C), -D- up to 200 parts by dry weight of at least one filler (D), -E- acatalytically effective amount of a catalytic curing compound (E),optionally up to three parts by weight, -F- at least one emulsifier (F),-G- optionally, at least one functional additive (G) and -H- water; b.the adhesive employed includes at least one adhesion promoter (C′); c.the aqueous silicone oil(s) dispersion is applied as a film to thesurface; d. the crosslinking of the silicone film then takes place,preferably at room temperature; e. at least one layer of adhesive, towhich the adhesion promoter C′ has been added, is then applied, bycoating it onto the crosslinked silicone film; and then, finally f. theexternal covering is laid, wherein the external covering is a tileselected from the group consisting of a clay tile, a terracotta tile, awhite quartz tile, and an inorganic resin adjuvant tile.